The Changing Attitudes of Lady Macbeth in William...

The Changing Attitudes of Lady Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth In Shakespearean England, women’s role in society was very different to what it is today. Today, women are allowed, and in fact, almost expected to be educated, independent, confidant, outspoken, and to go to work, to provide for themselves. In the 1600’s, it wasn’t like that. Women were gentle, kind, and fragile. If they were well off, they were expected to stay at home and sew, whilst their husbands went out and earnt the money. Poorer women still had to stay at home, and they had to cook, clean, and generally look after the house. Women were submissive; to be seen and not heard, and it was unusual for a woman to be†¦show more content†¦Lady Macbeth also talks about how she wants to be ‘unsexed’; she wants her breasts filled with poison instead of milk. The fact that she focuses on her breasts is significant; she wants to rid herself of the most feminine part of her, the part that represents being a woman. By wishing away the milk in her breasts she is wishing away the feelings of love, gentleness and tenderness that goes with being a mother. However, though she is wishing away her femininity, she uses a female method of getting her way; she manipulates Macbeth into agreeing to kill the king when he refuses later in the play. She repeatedly attacks him and wears down his defence, first questioning his love for her, and then criticising him as a man. Finally, the last blow is the ultimate blackmail; she says that she knows what it feels like to feed a baby and yet she would rather kill the baby than break a promise like he has. Since elsewhere in the play, it is mentioned that Macbeth doesn’t have any children, and so Lady Macbeth mentioning this indicates that maybe they did have a child and it passed away. This shows how cold-hearted Lady Macbeth is; she brings up something that would hurt Macbeth more than anything, even though it is completely irrelevant, just to make sure sheShow MoreRelatedA Comparison of Shakespeares Macbeth and Rupert Goolds Film Adaptation 954 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeareâ⠂¬â„¢s masterpiece, Macbeth, is a tragedy brilliantly brought to the 21st Century by Rupert Goold. Although Shakespeare’s Macbeth is a play set in 16th Century Scotland, Rupert Goold modernizes the play by changing the setting to a Soviet-styled country and implementing modern elements into the characters and theme. Although Shakespeare’s Macbeth and Rupert Goold’s film adaptation share many ideologies and a general storyline, a difference exists in the setting, the characters, andRead MoreChange - Macbeth + Two Related Texts1440 Words   |  6 Pagesthat affects individuals and their environments. Some people choose to embrace change, while others resist it. â€Å"Macbeth†; the song â€Å"The Times They Are A-Changin’† and the episode of the Twilight Zone, â€Å"A Stop at Willoughby† all successfully convey the notion of change and demonstrate how individuals and societies can embrace or resist change. William Shakespeare’s tragedy â€Å"Macbeth† displays how people embrace or resist change, in particular, personal and social change. The play explores factorsRead MoreTragic Imagination: Shakespeares Macbeth Essay585 Words   |  3 PagesGoogle as â€Å"the. . . action of forming new images or concepts . . . not present to the senses.† Many tales and stories have a protagonist with a game-changing imagination. Imagination often persuades people to think one way or another, even though it is often obvious that the reality is much different from their perception. In William Shakespeare’s play, Macbeth, the main character is often influenced by his imaginative mind, and evidence of this can be found in three scenes: act 2, scene 2 after the murderRead MoreDefining Manhood Through Gender Stereotypes1183 Words   |  5 PagesStereotypes in Macbeth In The Tragedy of Macbeth, Shakespeare attempts to define manhood and explore the different perceptions held towards what it means to be a man. As William Liston notes in his essay, â€Å"Man appears more than 40 times, almost always with a conscious sense of defining the term—or rather, of defining a person by the term† (232). Lady Macbeth is used as a tool to not only convey this theme, but she instigates the plot as well. Without her consistent scorn and ridicule of Macbeth and hisRead MoreEssay on Changing Gender Roles in William Shakespeares Macbeth2817 Words   |  12 PagesChanging Gender Roles in William Shakespeares Macbeth  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Much attention has been paid to the theme of manliness as it appears throughout Macbeth. In his introduction to Macbeth in The Riverside Shakespeare, Frank Kermode contends that the play is about the eclipse of civility and manhood, [and] the temporary triumph of evil (1307). Stephen Greenblatt emphasizes the same idea in The Norton Shakespeare, crediting Lady Macbeth for encouraging her husband through both sexual tauntingRead MoreMacbeth and Lady Macbeth as A Dead Butcher and His Fiend-like Queen in William Shakespeares Macbeth2137 Words   |  9 PagesMacbeth and Lady Macbeth as A Dead Butcher and His Fiend-like Queen in William Shakespeares Macbeth Macbeth is one of Shakespeares four famous tragedies. It was written in 1605-1606, at the peak of Shakespeares career; and was chosen to accolade the new King James I of England, who had been James VI of Scotland. He had a fascination with witchcraft and the supernatural, so the play Macbeth complimented his passion. Shakespeare is famed for his use of the English languageRead More Women as Instigators of Tragedy in the Works of William Shakespeare1219 Words   |  5 Pagesallegory for love, virtue, and chastity. In Shakespeares comedies, especially, the moon is personified as Diana, the Roman goddess of chastity. In these comedies, the foolish antics of lovers (literally, lunatics) usually occur under the auspices of the chaste goddess, the lovers behaving like hounds about her feet that snap at each other in competition for her bounty. The moon as allegory for the lunacy of romance helps us understand Shakespeares view of romance. In the tragedies, however, theRead Moreshakespeare influences16068 Words   |  65 Pagesï » ¿ RESEARCH TOPIC An Analytic Review Of Shakespearean Influence On Faulkner s Tragedy RESEARCH QUESTION How Shakespeare tragic patterns influenced on William Faulkner s writings? NAME: SYEDA AMBREEN FATIMA FATHER’S NAME: SYED HASAN AKHTER SEAT NO: 1315793 ENROLMENT NO: 2013/ENG/M.A(LIT)/15681 DATE OF SUBMISSION: 28TH NOV 2013 SUBMITTED TO: MISS SAMREEN

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Question: Discuss about theDeveloping a Social Science Perspective for Population. Answer: Introduction The topic of this scholarly paper is mental health and suicide with a specific focus on the Australian population. Based on recent reports and empirical evidence, there is a high incidence of mental illnesses and suicide in Australia. About 45.5% of the entire population has experienced a mental disorder at a particular time in their lifetime. During the time of the study, it was found that approximately 20.0% of Australians aged between 16 and 85 years experienced a mental disorder in the last 12 months (Slade et al., 2009). The most common mental disorders in Australia are mood disorders, anxiety and substance use disorders. While women have high chances of experiencing anxiety disorders, men have high chances of experiencing substance use disorder. Similarly, the epidemiology of suicide is worrying. In 2014, suicide was the leading cause of mortality in men aged between 25 and 44 years and women aged between 25 and 34 years (Kinchin Doran, 2017). When compared to young women, young men have higher chances of taking their lives. Although the incidence of suicide is declining progressively, it remains a concern for young Australians, parents, health professionals and policymakers. The high prevalence of suicide is also affecting the job market. In 2014, about 903 workers committed suicide, and 2303 others harmed themselves leading to full incapacitation (Kinchin Doran, 2017). Mental and suicide is an important topic because it leads to significant economic loss and tends to affect some segments of the population in the community. The economic cost of suicide is estimated to be $6.73. This value insinuates that the economy is hurt by suicide substantially. The direct cost of treating and caring for persons diagnosed with mental health is high. The national spending on mental health is high. For instance, in 2010-2011, the national expenditure on mental health was up by 178% or $4.2 billion (Slade et. al., 2009). The state and territory governments spend much higher on mental health than the Australian government. A consideration of the social demographics indicates that the rate of suicide is higher among those who are homeless, retired and unemployed compared to the other people in the population. Homeless individuals are likely to report substance use disorders and psychotic illness (Slade et al., 2009). Those who are unemployed or retired tend to experience psychological stress. This analysis indicates that mental health and suicide is an important topic in the context of Australia. Constructing a question Why do some Australians experience a high incidence of mental illnesses and suicide? The epidemiology of mental illnesses and suicide shows that some segments of the population are more susceptible than others. The paper particularly seeks to investigate the factors that result in this disparity. Literature review A vast literature presents diverse views to answer the issue under study in this paper. Markwick et al. (2014) did a study to determine the determinants of health for Indigenous adults in the state of Victoria in comparison to non-indigenous counterparts. They found a high prevalence of mental health illnesses such as anxiety and depression. The occurrence of mental illnesses in this population was attributed to psychosocial risks such as financial stress and food insecurity. Besides, lower socioeconomic status (SES) like being unemployed and low income was found to play a fundamental role in the occurrence of depression and anxiety. Poor housing affordability has also been found to cause mental health. One recent research pursued the hypothesis that housing affordability stress (HAS) is linked to poor mental health. The authors found that exposure to HAS caused a decline in mental health scores. In this study, men were found to be more affected mentally by exposure to HAS than women (Bentley, Baker Mason, 2012). Kim and Knesebeck (2015) did a systemic review to determine the health-associated risk of unemployment and job insecurity. Based on the various health outcomes studied, the lack of employment and job insecurity were strongly linked to mental health. Job insecurity was also linked to with somatic symptoms. The lack of employment and job insecurity are associated with worsening health conditions and even mortality. In fact, some individuals tend to commit suicide due to unemployment. Enticott et al. (2016) explored the relationship between mental health and remoteness and area deprivation. They discovered that individuals living in the most disadvantaged quintiles are more likely to report psychological disorder than those in the least disadvantaged quintiles. This argument is supported by Fone and colleagues, who found that income inequality is significantly linked to poor mental health (Fone et. al., 2013). On the other hand, racism and discrimination are attributable to the high inc idence of suicide. Indigenous people might feel intimidated due to racism and eventually take their life. In conclusion, the literature review points to inequality amplified by social factors as the major cause of mental disorders and suicide. Critique Social psychology is the chosen social science discipline to critique the literature. Based on the current literature, it is evident that socioeconomic factors lead to a significant number of mental disorders. The occurrence of mental disorders in some segments of the Australian population is attributable to social psychological themes such as incomplete psychosocial development, feeling of helplessness caused by perceived lack of control and failure to get the nonmonetary benefits of employment. Eriksons model of adult psychosocial development notes the importance of prosperous engagement within ones work for healthy ageing. The implications of failing to achieve developmental challenges include emotional despair (Malone et. al., 2016). He hypothesised that emotional and personality development in adulthood requires that individuals believe they are making steps to better themselves by providing for their community and family. Contrarily, during unemployment, low SES or insecure job condition self-esteem is compromised resulting in anxiety and depression. The lack of employment and job loss can prompt a chain of adversity including relational and financial strain, which can result in depression and suicide. Indeed, suicide risk is closely linked to unemployment as well as lack of job security (Woo Postolache, 2008). When a person is unable to secure meaningful work, they tend to feel helplessness due to the lack of influence. In the line of this view, constant helplessness can result in depression. In the literature review, loss of employment has been outlined as one of the triggers of mental disorders because it is socially and psychologically destructive. The social and psychological response to stressful events, such as loss of employment progresses through various stages. The initial stage is characterised by shock, and at this stage, the person is still optimistic. In the progression of unemployment, the person becomes pessimistic and experiences active distress. An elevated level of frustration, depression, disappointment and anxiety eventually leads to poor mental health. Further, subjective social status is positively associated with mental disorders. Subjective social status can be viewed in terms of relative deprivation (McLaughlin et. al., 2012). A person can be better off or worse compared to others in the community. In case a person is worse than other people in the society, they have high chances of experiencing psychological distress, which worsens over time. Ano ther social psychology perspective is the aspect of the social class, which is propagated by differences in SES level. Notably, social class may impact susceptibility to mental illness in several ways. This influence can be justified since social class determines the position held by individuals in institutional sectors, attitudes and way of thinking as well as lifestyle. The attitudes and way of thinking might cause an individual to adopt behaviours that are risk factors for mental health such as substance abuse. Personal Response In relation to the topic of study, my inference is that there is a correlation between SES and the risk of mental health. In fact, low SES status increases the risk of mental health. As an individual acquires a higher SES, their risk of mental disorders is greatly lowered. The SES in my response is influenced by employment status, job security, housing affordability and the level of poverty. Economic stress is the possible explanation for the association between mental disorders and SES. In a personal opinion, low-income earners and individuals living in remote areas experience psychological distress because they lack adequate resources for basic living. The lack of basic requirements tends to cause mental anxiety in both adults and children. Conclusively, the social environment shapes the mental health as well as many common mental disorders. Social inequalities are generally linked to increased risk of poor mental health. Conclusion/Recommendations In conclusion, the findings of this paper answer the question on why some Australians experience a high incidence of mental illnesses and suicide. Socioeconomic factors are important in the occurrence of mental disorders, where those living in low SES experience high incidence of mental illnesses. The incidence of mental illnesses has been explored in the context of social psychology. The primary recommendation of this paper is the need for the progressive development of preventive and early intervention initiatives that particularly pay attention to the adverse effects of unemployment, job loss, area deprivation, and job insecurity. As such, the Australian government should consider improving the social condition of those living in low SES to address the high prevalence of mental illnesses and suicide. References Bentley, R., Baker, E., Manson, K. (2012). Cumulative exposure to poor housing affordability and its association with mental health in men and women. Journal of Epidemiology Community Health, 66(9), 761-766. Enticott, J. C., Meadows, G. N., Shawyer, F., Inder, B., Patten, S. (2016). Mental disorders and distress: Associations with demographics, remoteness and socioeconomic deprivation of area of residence across Australia. Australian New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 50(12), 1169-1179. Fone, D., Greene, G., Farewell, D., White, J., Kelly, M., Dunstan, F. (2013). Common mental disorders, neighbourhood income inequality and income deprivation: small-area multilevel analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 202(4), 286-293. Kim, T. J., von dem Knesebeck, O. (2015). Is an insecure job better for health than having no job at all? A systematic review of studies investigating the health-related risks of both job insecurity and unemployment. BMC public health, 15(1), 985. Kinchin, I., Doran, C. M. (2017). The economic cost of suicide and non-fatal suicide behavior in the Australian workforce and the potential impact of a workplace suicide prevention strategy. International journal of environmental research and public health, 14(4), 347. Markwick, A., Ansari, Z., Sullivan, M., Parsons, L., McNeil, J. (2014). Inequalities in the social determinants of health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People: a cross-sectional population-based study in the Australian state of Victoria. International journal for equity in health, 13(1), 91. Malone, J. C., Liu, S. R., Vaillant, G. E., Rentz, D. M., Waldinger, R. J. (2016). Midlife Eriksonian psychosocial development: Setting the stage for late-life cognitive and emotional health. Developmental psychology, 52(3), 496. McLaughlin, K. A., Costello, E. J., Leblanc, W., Sampson, N. A., Kessler, R. C. (2012). Socioeconomic status and adolescent mental disorders. American journal of public health, 102(9), 1742-1750. Slade, T., Johnston, A., Teesson, M., Whiteford, H., Burgess, P., Pirkis, J., Saw, S. (2009). The Mental Health of Australians 2. Report on the 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Department of Health and Ageing, Canberra. Woo, J. M., Postolache, T. . (2008). The impact of work environment on mood disorders and suicide: Evidence and implications. International Journal on Disability and Human Development, 7(2), 185-200.

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Upper Level College Essay - Different Level for Essay Topics

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Essay Writer Handbook English Can Be Fun for Everyone

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To Accompany Essay Example

To Accompany Paper With the enhancements of technology, global transactions and competition between accountancy firms, professional accountants now provide various consultancy engagements to maintain their competitive advantage. The expanded role of professional accountants has resulted in accountants carrying out tasks which may include risks, management, personnel, consulting investment, controls and investigation. Following recent significant corporate collapses and their relationship to auditors and accountants discharging their responsibilities, there have been spate of regulatory and profession reforms that are designed to restore confidence to OTOH the public and the profession. The concept of audit independence is being examined critically in respect of its relevance and contribution to the public interest. The impact of the expanded role include: Increased public scrutiny of the fees payable to and the independence of auditors; Increased opportunities for auditors and accountants to be involved in the management of businesses, with the increasing risks to independence, Increased government regulations and professional regulations regarding the tasks performed, quality control and scope of auditors work. Increased acceptance of the importance of auditor independence. What role does ASIA have in the regulation of auditors? We will write a custom essay sample on To Accompany specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on To Accompany specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on To Accompany specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer ASIA has a significant role in the regulation of auditors. ASIA is the statutory administrative body for the enforcement of the Corporations Act 2001. Government regulation is exercised through ACACIAS surveillance program Which involves the scrutiny of all aspects of the financial statements of listed and some non-listed Australian public companies. The Objective Of this surveillance program is supplemented by an auditors review program and a liquidators review program. ASIA has the following powers and influence over the regulation of auditors: Registration by individuals, firms and companies as auditors; The audit inspection program enforced by the ASIA which covers the auditor rotation program, the policies and work practices of auditors; and Audit independence issues. This statutory body also has the power to impose a penalty on registered auditor or liquidator if he/she is found to be guilty of failing to discharge duties properly. It the auditor is deemed to be not a tit and proper person, his/her registration can be cancelled or suspended, such as bankruptcy, What are the different types of audit activities that an auditor may perform? Discuss. Audits are generally classified into different types of activities ? Financial statement, compliance, performance, comprehensive and environmental audits, Auditors may also be performing internal audit as an assurance engagement. The objective of a financial statement audit is to enable the auditor to express an opinion as to Whether the financial Statements are prepared, in all material respects, in accordance with an identified financial reporting framework. The financial statement audit involves obtaining and evaluating evidence about n entitys financial affairs so as to establish the degree of correspondence between the managements assertions and the established criteria, such as legal requirements and accounting standards. This type of audit is performed by independent auditors appointed by the shareholders of the company, or by equivalent proprietors of non-incorporated entities whose statements are being audited. Auditors must be qualified and able to exercise their skills in an independent and objective manner. The nature and extent of the audit examination are provided in Part MM. 3, Division 3, Audit and Auditors Report, of he Corporations Act. A compliance audit involves obtaining and evaluating evidence to determine whether certain financial or operating activities of an entity conform to specified conditions, rules or regulations, The established criteria in this type of audit may come from a variety of sources. Management, for example, may prescribe policies (or rules) pertaining to overtime work, participation in a superannuation plan, and conflict of interests. Compliance audits based on criteria established by management may be undertaken often during the year. Business enterprises, to-for-profit organizations, government units and individuals are required to prove compliance With many regulations. In many instances, the audit opinion issued under the requirements of the Corporations Act has elements of a compliance audit, where the auditor is required to express an opinion on the companys compliance with the provisions of the Corporations Act. Corporate and individual taxpayers comply With the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (Cloth), as amended, in filling out their annual tax returns. In the public sector, the term regularity audit is used to denote an examination hat reports on the legality and control of operations and the integrity photoset dealing with public funds, including the expression of an opinion on an entitys compliance with statutory requirements, rules, ordinances or directives that govern its activities. A performance audit is an audit of all or part of an entitys or entities activities to assess economy and/or technical and/or effectiveness. It involves obtaining and evaluating evidence about the efficiency, economy and effectiveness of an entice/s operating activities in relation to specified objectives. This type of audit activity can be undertaken in the private or public sector, by an internal or external auditor, or as an one-off project or an ongoing engagement. Sometimes performance audit may also be referred to as a value-for-money (VPN), operational or management audit. The term performance audit is usually applied in the public sector, with some application in the private sector; the other terms are common to both private and public sectors. The Australian National Audit Office (NANA) defines a performance audit as: an independent and systematic examination of an organization, program or function for the purposes f: ; forming an opinion about: whether the organization, program or function is being managed in an economical, efficient and effective manner; and the adequacy Of internal procedures for promoting and monitoring economy, efficiency and effectiveness; and ; suggesting ways by Which management practices, including procedures for monitoring performance, might be improved. Comprehensive auditing occurs when an auditor undertakes a range of audit and related services for a client -? a scenario that is more common in the public sector. A comprehensive audit encompasses the elements of a financial tenement audit, a compliance audit and a performance audit. Environmental matters may have an impact on the financial statements. Some examples of environmental matters affecting financial statement accruals, the impairment of assets, disclosures or the basis of preparation include: ; a pollution prevention system, of which the cost may be accrued for remediation costs ; liability relating to transportation of, or contamination by, hazardous waste ; the obsolescence of inventory due to environmental laws and regulations. Auditors are required to carry out their environmental audit with an attitude f professional skepticism, recognizing that the audit may reveal conditions and events that would lead to questioning whether the entity is complying With relevant environmental laws and regulations. The environmental audit is a recent trend and normally involves a review or an agreed-upon procedures engagement Internal audit is defined as an independent, objective assurance and consulting activity designed to add value and improve an organizations operations. It helps an organization accomplish its objectives by bringing a systematic, disciplined approach to evaluate and improve the effectiveness of risk management, control, ND governance processes. How does the profession/government ensure that external company audits are performed at an appropriate level of quality? Every profession is concerned about the quality of its services, and the public accounting profession is no exception. Quality audits are essential to ensure that the profession meets its responsibilities to clients, to the general public and to regulators who rely on independent auditors to maintain the credibility of financial information. To help assure quality audits, the profession and the regulators have developed a multilevel regulatory framework. This framework encompasses many of the activities of the private and public sector organizations associated with the profession. For the purpose of describing the framework, these activities may be organized as follows: ;Standard setting: The JABS issues Standards, Guidance Notes and other guidance to provide clear standards for auditing and assurance services, and for review and Other related services. The professional bodies and AFC issue ethical codes to establish and monitor the performance Of professionalism and ethical behavior Of professional accountants. ; Firm regulation: Each public practice entity adopts policies and reoccurred to ensure that practicing accountants adhere to professional standards. Self- or peer regulation: The accounting profession has implemented a comprehensive program of self. Regulation (including mandatory continuing professional education) and a program of quality control and practice reviews. ; Government regulation: The FRR, ASIA and CALEB, along with the courts, courts monitor and regulate auditor independence and conduct. The quality control standards help firms to achieve quality practice at firm and individual levels, The quality control standards include: Miscellaneous professional statements (Pass); APPEASE regarding conformity with auditing and assurance standards; and ASSAYS (ISAACS) which identifies the responsibilities of an engagement partner and engagement team in an audit engagement. Brim regulation involves with the implementation of a system of quality control within firms. They typically include elements such as leadership responsibilities, ethical requirements, systems in acceptance and continuance of client relationships, proper allocation of human resources, control of engagement performance and monitoring and quality reviews. On the Other hand, self-regulation is imposed by the professional bodies using artifice of practice, continuing professional education requirements, and reviews. In addition to these, the government practices overall surveillance through ASIA, with reference to the registration and monitoring of auditors by the CALEB. Â  Lindsey L] used the following sentence in the 1895 London and General Bank case. How would you describe the relevance of the auditors role in present times? His business is to ascertain and state the true financial position of the at the time of the audit, and his duty is confined to that.. Rayon The role of the auditor has changed considerably since the time of the London ND General Bank case. These changes have been brought about by changes in statute and common law and by changes in community attitudes and expectations. The auditors role is still very relevant in terms of adding credibility to financial statements. Nowadays, auditors also offering a broader range of assurance services to satisfy the information needs of doffs users of financial information. Examples of this broader range of services include performance audits and environmental audits. 1. Discuss the different types of assurance which may be obtained in an assurance engagement. Reasonable assurance engagement: The objective of a reasonable assurance engagement is to reduce the assurance engagement risk to an acceptably low level, With the aim to arrive at a positive form of expression of conclusion. Limited assurance engagement: Limited assurance engagement aims to reduce the assurance engagement risk to a level that is acceptable in the circumstances of the engagement but where that risk is greater than for a reasonable assurance engagement, as the basis for a negative form of expression of opinion. What are the limitations, if any, off financial statement audit? A financial statement audit is performed in accordance with AS 200 Objective and General Principles Governing an Audit of a Financial Report. There are inherent limitations in any audit. These limitations include the use of testing, reliance on internal control structures, the possibility of collusion and the tact that most audit evidence is persuasive rather than conclusive. Regardless of the type of audit, a professional subjective judgment will be used in gathering and evaluating evidences and forming the relevant conclusion. These inherent limitations also mean that the auditor cannot achieve a zero engagement risk. Therefore, an absolute assurance is not possible in a financial report audit. An enhancing role Of auditors has developed where the audit expertise is used widely to assist the clients needs. What are your views concerning the role described, with particular reference to the appearance of audit independence? The enhancing role described is a logical extension of the auditors traditional role, in order to meet the changing expectations of users of financial statements in recent years. Auditing has also progressed from a compliance role to a value- adding role to management and business. Along with increasing competition among firms and cost}efficiency pressure, auditors often provide consulting services to audit clients. Hence there is a blurring or relationship with clients. The public confidence of audit independence had been in decline as a result of high profile corporate and audit failures, partly due to the wide range of services that were performed by the auditors involved in these cases, and partly due to the lack of effective corporate governance. However, legislators, the profession and the audit firms all have been working hard to push for reform to restore inference, independence and integrity to the profession. Recent examples of significant reform to audit independence are The enactment of Serbians-Solely Act in US; Big Pour Firms such as KEMP and Presumptuousnesss have separated their management consulting and assurance services by selling their consultancy arm to a third party; and A mandatory cooling Off period for retiring partners joining the board of their audit clients and a mandatory rotation of engagement partners. What is meant by a comprehensive audit? Should a comprehensive audit be carried out by an independent auditor? A comprehensive audit encompasses the elements of a financial report audit, a compliance audit and a performance audit. It is most commonly undertaken in the public sector through the office of the Auditor General, A comprehensive audit would normally be carried out by an independent auditor, in either the public sector or the private sector. I . 0 How do you think the corporate collapses have influenced the role of auditing in recent years? The corporate collapses in US and Australia have had a fundamental impact to the role of auditing in recent years. Recent events have led closer public scrutiny n the role of the auditor, the audit independence and the methodology on how an audit is carrying out. That is, there is greater understanding the expectation gap between the public and the auditing profession and the acknowledgement by the profession that it needs to reduce this gap. Significant steps hue been made to influence the enhancing role of auditor to that of a convergence role, Which emphasizes the following: A clear Objective to enhance and maintain the integrity of the profession; Clearly address the auditor interest to the public is as important as to the client, such as safeguarding independence by eliminating ample relationship with audit clients (i. E. Omit to audit only); Reiterate ethical governance; A clear distinction of audit and non-audit engagements carried out by auditor, this leads to legislation and self regulation being established to a ban on certain non-audit services for audit clients; Stronger regulation on auditors and audit firms as well as tougher enforcement on non-compliance; Return to a more rigorous audit of substantive matters, rather than limit to the testing of internal controls; Increasing the forensic nature of audit and stronger awareness of report fraud; Relate audit risks to business risk Professional application questions Audit objectives Required Discuss the current changes in the objectives of auditing, identifying the expanded roles of professional accountants and some of the reasons attributable to the changes. The traditional audit role was a conformance role. Audits focused on finding errors in balance sheet accounts and on stemming the growth Of fraud. The detection of fraud had a very important emphasis. As companies began to grow and become more complex during the nineteenth century, the detection Of fraud came an unrealistic objective although was still generally perceived as one of the main objectives of a financial report audit. The difference in perception of responsibilities and reality were addressed in the case of Kingston Cotton Mill co(1896) 2 Chi. 0279. Lopes, L] said of auditors: He is a watchdog, but not a bloodhound. Elf there is anything calculated to excite suspicion, he should probe it to the bottom but, in the absence of anything of that kind, he is only bound to be reasonably cautious and careful This effectively stated that it is impossible to detect all fraud as part of the audit. Auditing standards place the following requirements on auditors: The auditor should plan the audit to have a reasonable expectation of detecting material misstatements that have a material impact on the financial report (ii not all fraud). The auditor should report any irregularities (including fraud) even if the effect on the financial report is expected to be immaterial. In conclusion, the primary Objective Of an audit is to express an opinion as to whether the financial report is prepared, in all material respects, in accordance With an identified financial reporting framework. The Objective to detect fraud is n the context of the auditors opinion. Also in recent years, the role of the auditor has expanded to meet the changing expectations of users of financial statements. This expanded role is evidenced by the wide range of assurance services now offered by auditors. 1. 2 Independence Based on the series of accounting crisis and corporate collapses in the early sass, discuss the importance of maintaining independence by an auditor. Audit Independence is the cornerstone of auditing. Independence is the essence that underlies the success and credibility of the accounting profession and its service to the public. Maintaining independence allows the auditing and accounting profession to be self-regulated, a highly prestigious character, This objectivity permits the profession to perform its attestation and monitoring functions effectively. Independence is also a key component of the agency theory of auditing. In the management shareholder agency relationship it is important that the monitoring function (audit) is and is seen to be separate from management, for it to be a ;value added service. I . 3 Standard setting a. Comment on an auditors ability and methods in attesting the credibility of uncial statements prepared by the governing party of an organization. Due to formal training and experience, the auditor has the ability, credibility and authority under Corporations Law, to undertake attestation of financial statements. At minimum, an auditor who carries out an audit must be a current registered member of CPA Australia and ACACIA. In accordance with the requirements laid down in the various Auditing Standards, the auditor plans the nature, timing and extent of procedures to be followed to arrive at a positive expression of an opinion under the requirements of AS 200 and AS 220. B. Explain what type of assurance an auditor should provide in a financial statements audit. A financial statements audit is one that expresses an opinion on written assertions and thus the audit level of assurance is expressed as a positive opinion. The financial statement audit provide a reasonable level Of assurance which enhances the credibility of the information provided by the party responsible for the matter, such as in the audit report on financial statements under the Corporations Act 2001. While the assurance of the financial statement audit is objective, it is subject to a number of inherent limitations. Some of these limitations include time lapse, audit testing based on selective samples, a subjective assessment of materiality, and that where there are highly specialized areas, the auditors may need to seek external advice regarding the subject matter being audited. 1. 4 Regulatory trademark a) One component of this framework is the oversight ability of the FRR, Identify the type of work that is performed by the FRR which aims to enhance the quality and independence of professional services Section 225 of the Corporate Law Economic Reform Program Act egg lists the function of the FRR. They include: Â  Overseeing the setting of accounting standards in Australia; Â  Appointing members of the AAAS other than the chair; Â  Giving directions to the SAAB on matters of general policy and procedures; Monitoring the operation of accounting standards to assess their continued relevance and effectiveness in achieving their objectives; Â  Monitoring the effectiveness of auditor independence requirements in Australia; Â  Reporting to the minister and giving advice about continuing Steps to enhance auditor independence; and Monitoring disciplinary procedures of accounting bodies.